>>/37849/
During the Italian wars, the Turks weren't that powerful, and they only got to the state they did because France helped them out.
>>/37850/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary
Fun-fact, since the prince of Transylvania was once also the king of Poland-Lithuania, this meant that all of Poland-Lithuania was once technically ruled by the Ottomans as well.
>>/37851/
The Dukes of Burgundy did, with their headquarters in the Netherlands.
>>/37852/
The pope and Charlemagne. Essentially, there was an unholy trinity for an unh0ly empire; the jewish community, the pope, and the emperor.
>>/37853/
They were part-jewish part-Italian, maybe part-Gaul if they were lucky.