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> The timariot system was largely marginalised
What do you mean?
> feudal vassals
They were more of a tributaries I think. Whole countries surrendered to keep varying level of independence, and wasn't treated as newly conquered lands which were inserted into the timariot system. Here I might be wrong I'm thinking of Transylvania for example, which paid a yearly tribute and had to conform to certain decisions in foreign politics, but the Sultan has no say in the inner goings of the state. However Transylvania enjoyed rare freedom, I'm not sure how other areas fared.
> China didn't really practice feudalism
Yes, they did.
> it was a bureaucratic society
Just because there's a developed state machinery it doesn't make a place less feudal. Feudalism isn't restricted to Dark Ages' Francia.