>>/40275/
> What do you mean?
He probably means right to collect taxes started to rented or outright sold to certain strongman or rich people, as you can guess the guy who b buys ght to collect taxes tend to squezee the peasants dry. Tax farming has become most empires undoing.
>>/40256/
It is very similar to ikta.
>>/40255/
>>/40257/
Feudalism basically means land based economic system, ikta and tımar are still feudalistic.
>>/40246/
> d) it is evolution of the idea behind Varangian guard
It has nothing to do with varangian guard, janisarries were mostly to do with internal threats like preventing other failies take over hence personal slave army, varangians were mostly oblivious to state intrigue, they swore pretty much whoever coup d'etad the emperor.
Janisarry system is mostly similar to ghulam (gulaman-ı saray) system or other similar eastern practices. For example abbasids mostly relied on Turks (but Turks just took over the egypt that's anohter story) to keep other families in check, Turkish states like seljuks hired persians for this.
>>/40243/
> - When you look at their elites they were very cosmopolitan
Most nobility in middle ages were very cosmopolitan, it was probably easy to find moldovan nobility with Turkic ancestry etc.
Hence why the "nations" of middle ages are hard to understand for any common person of today, the identities were mostly very local but nobilities intermingled with each other. When they stop intermingle with each other for good amount of time, they also affected the identity in my opinion, like in hundred years war, where valois and plagenet(?) become sworn enemies, this become probably crucial part of french and english identity.
> - When you look at their elites they were very cosmopolitan