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Islamic Golden Age was literally just the leftovers of the scientific thought of the empires and kingdoms that Islam conquered. Once all the great thinkers and institutions of those years died, the age ended because it could not produce great thinkers of its own.
The thing about Islam is that it is a religion that demands absolute conviction. You cannot half-ass it like Christianity because it doesn't leave much room for alternate interpretation. Even the verses extolling the virtues of knowledge are offset by the "nothing can go against the word of God" ones.
I tried to see what other problems lead to Islamic countries inevitably being somewhat backwards than their contemporaries but they are all negligible or stem from Islam in the first place. Ultimately, I think there are fundamental flaws in their philosophy that cannot be surmounted.