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Similarly, a U.S. citizen can take actions that, in fact, aid or comfort the enemy. However, as long as there is no adherence or loyalty to the enemy (i.e., no intent to betray the United States), there is no treason.
For example, a citizen can give a speech criticizing the government or organize a strike in a steel plant during a time of war. These actions could impair the United States' ability to defend itself or diminish the country's strength. However, if the citizen did so without intending to betray the United States, there would be no treason.
Additionally, giving aid or comfort requires an act of some kind. As the Supreme Court noted in Cramer v. United States (1945), the very nature of giving aid or comfort contemplates a "deed or physical activity" rather than a "mental operation."

An act that strengthens (or tends to strengthen) the enemy or weakens (or tends to weaken) the United States likely constitutes giving "aid or comfort" to the enemy. 

Who is an "enemy of the United States"?
An enemy of the United States is a person, partnership, or other group of individuals who live within the territory of any nation the United States is at war with. It also includes governments of any nation with whom the United States is at war.
Another way to think about whether someone is an enemy or not is if their loyalties lie with a country other than the United States, in combination with their actions against the United States.

https://constitution.findlaw.com/article3/annotation24.html
https://constitution.findlaw.com/