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The study was conducted on middle-aged people and hasn't been replicated yet. I understand that it compared general anesthesia together with surgery in people who needed the surgery to no general anesthesia or surgery in people who didn't need a surgery. There were no controls who received general anesthesia and no surgery or, for example, spinal anesthesia and the same surgery. Whatever causes the need for surgery could also affect memory. Or maybe it's the surgery itself and how it affects the body.