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>>/232510/ "4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a type of aldehyde and a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, which is a process where lipids (fats) in cell membranes are damaged by oxidative stress. 4-HNE is formed when polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the cell membranes undergo oxidation. It is a highly reactive compound and is considered a marker of oxidative stress. 4-HNE can form adducts with proteins, DNA, and other cellular molecules, potentially leading to cellular dysfunction and damage. It is implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders (like Alzheimer's disease), cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and liver diseases, due to its ability to modify biological molecules and affect cellular signaling pathways. High levels of 4-HNE are generally considered harmful and are associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases."